Are you unable to work comfortable on a computer due to eye strain? Its time you start following few steps to make sure you do not suffer from eye strain and complete your work properly. Maintain a functional space for working, the light exposure should be modulated and healthy eyes are few things you should keep in mind.
Basics facts about eye strain one faces the problem of eyestrain when one greatly exerts his eye over a long time period. This can be a result of activities like reading or watching electronically-lit screens.
Eyestrain can result in the following:
• Tension and pain around temples or eyes or headache, backache and neck ache
• Reddening of eyes or drying of eyes
• Fatigue
• Sensitivity towards light
• Headache
• Facing problems while doing visual work
• blurred vision
• Double vision
Eyestrain will not damage your visual system permanently but it can certainly cause problems while you work. Causes behind eye strain are not the same for everyone and the causes may also change for a person with time. Working space set- up which is not adequate, lightening which is not efficient and not enough eye care are some of the main causes of eye strain. Now we shall see how to attend each problem so as to avoid eye strain
Modify the way you work: Eyestrain can be a major problem as it can bring along blurred vision and/or headaches. Modifying ones working habits can be an efficient way to check the problem of eyestrain
Enlargement of text: you have to strain your eyes more to read the text which is small in size in comparison with large text, so try to keep the text large. When you are going through online material or working using text editors, you may magnify the material by using ctrl "+". In case any webpage text is not suitable for you to read it, you can use the text editor you prefer for reading the material. Magnify the article so much so that you are comfortable to read. If it is required for you to look at the screen more closely, squint, or you still cant it the text comfortably, then the text needs more magnification. While doing this, be assured you have a high screen resolution.
Do offline reading: if you read intensely on a computer screen, ultimately you will end up overtiring your eyes. When you have to read any long document or article, you can take a print out of it and don't forget to keep the text size large. This way you can read it by taking your time and in a place where the lightening is good. One more way by which you may decrease reading online is through scanning and searching the web only when you have a purpose.
Don't work continuously: unlike your computer, you are not built for working non-stop. You are expected to take frequent breaks while working so as to regain energy and your eyes also need rest. According to the twenty -twenty rule, you need to take a break for 20 seconds after every 20 minutes of work. During the twenty second break, you need to remove your eyes from the computer screen and stare into some space or thing that is at least at a distance of twenty feet from you. While working in the office it is possible you may not like to show that you are looking elsewhere. In such a case, make short and frequent trips to restroom or water cooler. Be careful not to look towards the fluorescent lights while in the restroom, as they may strain your eyes even more.
Change the position of your monitor: eye lubrication is effected, when you view your monitor as in this situation you blink less often. This can cause drying and reddening of eyes. To check this, you should keep your monitor below the level of your eye. By doing this, there will be no need for you to open your eyes so much and they would be less exposed while you view the monitor. Taking a break often will also be of help. While taking a break, make sure you don't concentrate on your work very hard as this may again result in less blinking than you do in normal situation.
By Patrick Tjandra
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Thursday, January 13, 2011
Wednesday, January 12, 2011
Top 4 Reasons to Have an Eye Exam
Many people don't understand the importance of having an eye exam. You find time to visit your family doctor for an annual physical. You manage to take your children to their pre-appointed six-month dental hygiene visits. But are you or your family overdue for a trip to the eye doctor's office? Vision care is often neglected. In reality, how much could we actually accomplish in a day without the precious gift of sight? The eyes function as a window to our bodies. Dilated pupils can reveal the presence of undiagnosed problems throughout the body. Here are four great reasons to schedule a comprehensive eye examination.
1. Visual Acuity
Your prescription needs to be checked on a regular basis to make sure your visual acuity is the best it can be. Annoying headaches or general fatigue are often caused by slight over or under corrections of your prescription. In addition, if you spend more than two hours on a computer each day, you may develop a condition known as computer vision syndrome, or CVS. Symptoms of CVS include headaches, focusing difficulties, burning eyes, tired eyes, eyestrain, aching eyes, dry eyes, double vision, blurred vision, light sensitivity, and neck and shoulder pain. CVS is treated with eyeglasses made for computer users.2. Eye Disease
Many serious eye diseases often have no symptoms. Glaucoma is an eye disease that causes vision loss and is commonly known as the "sneak thief of sight." Conditions such as macular degeneration or cataracts develop so gradually that you may not even realize your vision has decreased. Diabetic retinopathy is a condition that may develop in diabetic patients. Early detection of these and other eye diseases is important for maintaining healthy vision.3. Developmental Problems
Uncorrected vision problems in children often cause learning and reading difficulties or contribute to other medical problems such as dyslexia and ADD. Uncorrected vision in children can often cause amblyopia (lazy eye) or strabismus (eye turn) which can cause permanent vision loss if not treated early in life.4. Eye Fashion Trends
The primary reason for visiting your eye doctor should always be eye health, but there is nothing wrong with having a little fun. Eye doctors who offer eyewear strive to stock the latest fashions and quality eyewear. Lens-making technology continues to improve, as well as scratch-resistant and anti-reflective coatings. If you haven't updated your glasses in a while, you may be pleasantly surprised at the many options available to you today. Sunglasses have also become a fashion accessory...check out your optical for the latest trends and styles.By Troy Bedinghaus, O.D., About.com Guide
SimplyEyeglasses.com Shopping Categories:
Ray-Ban Eyeglasses | Ray-Ban Sunglasses | Prada Eyeglasses | Prada Sunglasses | Gucci Eyeglasses | Gucci Sunglasses | Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses.
Ray-Ban Eyeglasses | Ray-Ban Sunglasses | Prada Eyeglasses | Prada Sunglasses | Gucci Eyeglasses | Gucci Sunglasses | Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses.
Thursday, January 6, 2011
UV Eye Safety
We protect our skin with sunscreen, but what about our eyes? Most of us are aware of the dangerous effects ultraviolet (UV) rays have on our skin, but few of us realize the danger imposed on our eyes. UV radiation, whether from natural sunlight or artificial UV rays, can damage the eye's surface tissues as well as the cornea and lens. UV radiation can burn the front surface of the eye, much like a sunburn on the skin.
<b>UV Radiation</b>
UV radiation consists of invisible rays from the sun. There are three types of UV radiation: UVA, UVB and UVC. UVC rays do not pose any threat, as they are absorbed by the ozone layer. However, exposure to UVA and UVB rays can have adverse effects on your eyes and vision. Short- and long-term exposure to these dangerous rays can cause significant damage damage. It is important to note that UV radiation can also be given off by artificial sources like welding machines, tanning beds and lasers.
<b>Short-Term Effects of UV Radiation</b>
If you are exposed, unprotected, to excessive amounts of UV radiation over a short period of time, you are likely to experience an effect called photokeratitis. Photokeratitis is an inflammation of the cornea caused by a brief exposure to UV radiation, usually when combined with cold wind and snow. Like a "sunburn of the eye", it may be painful and may create symptoms including red eyes, a foreign body sensation or gritty feeling in the eyes, extreme sensitivity to light and excessive tearing. Fortunately, this is usually temporary and rarely causes permanent damage to the eyes.
<b>Long-Term Effects of UV Radiation</b>
Long-term exposure to UV radiation can be more serious. Scientific studies and research growing out of the U.S. space program have shown that exposure to small amounts of UV radiation over a period of many years may increase the chance of developing a cataract, and may cause damage to the retina, the nerve-rich lining of the eye that is used for seeing. This damage to the retina is usually not reversible. Cumulative damage of repeated exposure may contribute to chronic eye disease, as well as increase the risk of developing skin cancer around the eyelids. Long-term exposure to UV light is also a risk factor in the development of pterygium (a growth that invades the corner of the eyes) and pinguecula (a yellowish, slightly raised lesion that forms on the surface tissue of the white part of your eye.)
<b>UV Radiation Protection</b>
It is not yet known how much exposure to UV radiation will cause how much damage, but a good recommendation is to wear quality sunglasses that offer good protection and a wide-brimmed hat when working outdoors, participating in outdoor sports, taking a walk, running errands or doing anything in the sun.
To provide protection for your eyes, your sunglasses should:
•block out 99 to 100 percent of both UV-A and UV-B radiation
•screen out 75 to 90 percent of visible light
•be perfectly matched in color and free of distortion and imperfection
•have lenses that are gray for proper color recognition
If you spend a lot of time in bright sunlight, wrap-around frames can provide additional protection from harmful UV radiation by keeping UV rays from reaching the eyes. Also, remember UV eye protection for children and teenagers. They typically spend more time in the sun than adults. Finally, even if you are wearing contact lenses that have UV protection, you still need to wear <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a>. UV rays will likely affect the eye tissue that is not covered by the contacts. Your eyes will be more comfortable, too, with most of the bright light blocked.
By: Troy Bedinghaus, O.D., About.com Guide
<b>SimplyEyeglasses.com Shopping Categories</b>:
<a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Eyeglasses" title="Ray-Ban Eyeglasses">Ray-Ban Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Sunglasses" title="Ray-Ban Sunglasses">Ray-Ban Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Eyeglasses" title="Prada Eyeglasses">Prada Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Sunglasses" title="Prada Sunglasses">Prada Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Eyeglasses" title="Gucci Eyeglasses">Gucci Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Sunglasses" title="Gucci Sunglasses">Gucci Sunglasses</a> | <a href=http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Silhouette Rimless&title=Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses" title="Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses">Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses</a>.
<b>UV Radiation</b>
UV radiation consists of invisible rays from the sun. There are three types of UV radiation: UVA, UVB and UVC. UVC rays do not pose any threat, as they are absorbed by the ozone layer. However, exposure to UVA and UVB rays can have adverse effects on your eyes and vision. Short- and long-term exposure to these dangerous rays can cause significant damage damage. It is important to note that UV radiation can also be given off by artificial sources like welding machines, tanning beds and lasers.
<b>Short-Term Effects of UV Radiation</b>
If you are exposed, unprotected, to excessive amounts of UV radiation over a short period of time, you are likely to experience an effect called photokeratitis. Photokeratitis is an inflammation of the cornea caused by a brief exposure to UV radiation, usually when combined with cold wind and snow. Like a "sunburn of the eye", it may be painful and may create symptoms including red eyes, a foreign body sensation or gritty feeling in the eyes, extreme sensitivity to light and excessive tearing. Fortunately, this is usually temporary and rarely causes permanent damage to the eyes.
<b>Long-Term Effects of UV Radiation</b>
Long-term exposure to UV radiation can be more serious. Scientific studies and research growing out of the U.S. space program have shown that exposure to small amounts of UV radiation over a period of many years may increase the chance of developing a cataract, and may cause damage to the retina, the nerve-rich lining of the eye that is used for seeing. This damage to the retina is usually not reversible. Cumulative damage of repeated exposure may contribute to chronic eye disease, as well as increase the risk of developing skin cancer around the eyelids. Long-term exposure to UV light is also a risk factor in the development of pterygium (a growth that invades the corner of the eyes) and pinguecula (a yellowish, slightly raised lesion that forms on the surface tissue of the white part of your eye.)
<b>UV Radiation Protection</b>
It is not yet known how much exposure to UV radiation will cause how much damage, but a good recommendation is to wear quality sunglasses that offer good protection and a wide-brimmed hat when working outdoors, participating in outdoor sports, taking a walk, running errands or doing anything in the sun.
To provide protection for your eyes, your sunglasses should:
•block out 99 to 100 percent of both UV-A and UV-B radiation
•screen out 75 to 90 percent of visible light
•be perfectly matched in color and free of distortion and imperfection
•have lenses that are gray for proper color recognition
If you spend a lot of time in bright sunlight, wrap-around frames can provide additional protection from harmful UV radiation by keeping UV rays from reaching the eyes. Also, remember UV eye protection for children and teenagers. They typically spend more time in the sun than adults. Finally, even if you are wearing contact lenses that have UV protection, you still need to wear <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a>. UV rays will likely affect the eye tissue that is not covered by the contacts. Your eyes will be more comfortable, too, with most of the bright light blocked.
By: Troy Bedinghaus, O.D., About.com Guide
<b>SimplyEyeglasses.com Shopping Categories</b>:
<a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Eyeglasses" title="Ray-Ban Eyeglasses">Ray-Ban Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Sunglasses" title="Ray-Ban Sunglasses">Ray-Ban Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Eyeglasses" title="Prada Eyeglasses">Prada Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Sunglasses" title="Prada Sunglasses">Prada Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Eyeglasses" title="Gucci Eyeglasses">Gucci Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Sunglasses" title="Gucci Sunglasses">Gucci Sunglasses</a> | <a href=http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Silhouette Rimless&title=Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses" title="Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses">Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses</a>.
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
Online Shopping Tips: E-Commerce and You
With just a click of the mouse, shoppers can buy nearly any product online -- from groceries to cars, from insurance policies to home loans. The world of electronic commerce, also known as e-commerce, enables consumers to shop at thousands of online stores and pay for their purchases without leaving the comfort of home. For many, the Internet has taken the place of Saturday afternoon window shopping at the mall. Consumers expect merchants to not only make their products available on the Web, but to make payments a simple and secure process. However, the same things can go wrong shopping in cyberspace as in the real world. Sometimes it is simply a case of a computer glitch or poor customer service. Other times, shoppers are cheated by clever scam artists.
A February 2008 survey by Pew Internet found that 66% of Americans surveyed have purchased a product online because it is convenient and saves time. While the survey reported that over half those surveyed experienced frustration, confusion, or being overwhelmed with information, the greatest concern for online shoppers, 75%, was in sending credit card and personal information over the Internet.
To read the Pew survey, go to: www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2008/Online-Shopping.aspx
Just as shoppers should take measures to protect themselves in brick-and-mortar stores — such as protecting their PIN numbers when checking out and not leaving purses unattended — online shoppers also need to take sensible precautions. This guide offers advice on how to make your online shopping experiences enjoyable and safe.
<b>2. Shop at Secure Web Sites</b>
How can you tell if a Web site is secure? It uses encryption technology to transfer information from your computer to the online merchant's computer. Encryption scrambles the information you send, such as your credit card number, in order to prevent computer hackers from obtaining it en route. The only people who can unscramble the code are those with legitimate access privileges. You can tell when you are dealing with a secure Web site in several ways:
•First, if you look at the top of your screen where the Web site address is displayed, you should see https://. The "s" that is displayed after "http" indicates that Web site is secure. Often, you do not see the "s" until you actually move to the order page on the Web site.
•Another way to determine if a Web site is secure is to look for a closed padlock displayed at the bottom of your screen. If that lock is open, you should assume it is not a secure site.
•The third symbol that indicates you are on a secure site is an unbroken key.
Of course, transmitting your data over secure channels is of little value to you if the merchant stores the data unscrambled. You should try to find out if the merchant stores the data in encrypted form. If a hacker is able to intrude, it cannot obtain your credit data and other personal information. Be sure to read the merchant's privacy and security policies to learn how it safeguards your personal data on its computers. (See tip 4 below.)
<b>3. Research the Web Site Before You Order</b>
Do business with companies you already know. If the company is unfamiliar, do your homework before buying their products. If you decide to buy something from an unknown company, start out with an inexpensive order to learn if the company is trustworthy.
Reliable companies should advertise their physical business address and at least one phone number, either customer service or an order line. Call the phone number and ask questions to determine if the business is legitimate. Even if you call after hours, many companies have a "live" answering service, especially if they don't want to miss orders. Ask how the merchant handles returned merchandise and complaints. Find out if it offers full refunds or only store credits.
You can also research a company in Internet yellow pages, through the Better Business Bureau (see listing below), or a government consumer protection agency like the district attorney's office or the Attorney General. Perhaps friends or family members who live in the city listed can verify the validity of the company. Remember, anyone can create a Web site.
<b>4. Read the Web Site's Privacy and Security Policies</b>
Every reputable e-commerce Web site offers information about how it processes your order. It is usually listed in the section entitled “Privacy Policy.” You can find out if the merchant intends to share your information with a third party or affiliate company. Do they require these companies to refrain from marketing to their customers? If not, you can expect to receive “spam” (unsolicited email) and even mail or phone solicitations from these companies.
You can also learn what type of information is gathered by the Web site, and how it is — or is not — shared with others. The online merchant’s data security practices are also often explained in the Privacy Policy, or perhaps a separate Security Policy.
Look for online merchants who are members of a seal-of-approval program that sets voluntary guidelines for privacy-related practices, such as TRUSTe (www.truste.org), Verisign (www.verisign.com), or BBBonline (www.bbbonline.org).
However, be aware that a strong privacy policy and membership in a Web-seal program don’t guarantee that the Web merchant will protect your privacy for all time. Policies can change. The company can file for bankruptcy and sell its customer data base. The Web merchant might be purchased by another company with a weaker privacy policy. And the company’s data can be subpoenaed for law enforcement investigations or civil cases. You have little control over the use of your customer data in such matters.
Given all of these uncertainties, you will want to think about the sensitivity of the data that is being compiled about you when you shop online. We cannot prescribe the best approach to take. Each consumer has a different interpretation of what is considered “sensitive.”
<b>5. Be Aware of Cookies and Behavioral Marketing</b>
Online merchants as well as other sites watch our shopping and surfing habits by using "cookies," an online tracking system that attaches pieces of code to our Internet browsers to track which sites we visit as we search the Web.
"Persistent" cookies remain stored on your computer while "per-session" cookies expire when you turn the browser off. Online merchants use cookies to recognize you and speed up the shopping process the next time you visit. You may be able to set your browser to disable or refuse cookies but the tradeoff may limit the functions you can perform online, and possibly prevent you from ordering online.
Privacy advocates worry that as more and more data is compiled about us — without our knowledge or active consent — it will be combined to reveal a detailed profile, even our actual identities. This data is often collected to market goods and services to us, encouraging us to buy them. There are a number of companies that specialize in targeted online advertising called "behavioral marketing." Companies say consumers benefit by being exposed to more targeted advertising and that online merchants can make more money more efficiently by targeting the right shoppers.
For example, you might buy a book on golf from Amazon, visit the Professional Golfer's Association site, purchase golf shoes at Zappos, and search online for golf courses near your home. When you do, your computer's Internet Protocol (IP) number could be used to generate golf-related ads. When you open the USA Today site to read the morning news, you may see an ad offering you a new set of clubs at a discount. When you go back to Amazon later that day you might be offered a biography of Tiger Woods.
What if your behavioral marketing profile is shared with others, without your permission? You might not care if a drug company shares your prescription drug information with a coupon service to save you money. But what if that same information were obtained by your employer, resulting in more expensive health insurance coverage?
Consumer groups have asked the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to require companies to get consumers' permission (opt-in) before collecting or sharing any personal information about them, such as their computer's IP number. Many of these groups also recommend creating a "Do Not Track" list for those who do not wish to be followed online, patterned after the widely used Do Not Call list. www.worldprivacyforum.org/pdf/ConsumerProtections_FTC_ConsensusDoc_Final_s.pdf
<b>6. What's Safest: Credit Cards, Debit Cards, Cash, or Checks?</b>
The safest way to shop on the Internet is with a credit card. In the event something goes wrong, you are protected under the federal Fair Credit Billing Act. You have the right to dispute charges on your credit card, and you can withhold payments during a creditor investigation. When it has been determined that your credit was used without authorization, you are only responsible for the first $50 in charges. You are rarely asked to pay this charge.
We recommend that you obtain one credit card that you use only for online payments to make it easier to detect wrongful credit charges. For more information on credit card consumer protections, see http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs32-paperplastic.htm#3
Make sure your credit card is a true credit card and not a debit card, a check card, or an ATM card. As with checks, a debit card exposes your bank account to thieves. Your checking account could be wiped out in minutes. Further, debit and ATM cards are not protected by federal law to the extent that credit cards are.
E-commerce shopping by check leaves you vulnerable to bank fraud. And sending a cashier's check or money order doesn't give you any protection if you have problems with the purchase.
Never pay for online purchases by using a money transfer service. You could be transferring cash to a fraudster. Scammers will ask consumers to send them payment using a money transfer service such as Western Union or MoneyGram because they can get your cash fast and it’s difficult to trace. Legitimate sellers normally do not ask consumers to send payment that way. Money transfer services should only be used to send money to people that you know well, not to unknown sellers of merchandise online. Watch the Consumer Federation of America’s video about this at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2ylW85g1So.
<b>7. Never Give Out Your Social Security Number</b>
Providing your Social Security number is not a requirement for placing an order at an e-commerce Web site. There is no need for the merchant to ask for it. Giving out your Social Security number could lead to having your identity stolen. (See PRC Fact Sheet 17a, "Identity Theft: What to Do if It Happens to You," www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs17a.htm.)
<b>8. Disclose Only the Bare Facts When You Order</b>
When placing an order, there is certain information that you must provide to the web merchant such as your name and address. Often, a merchant will try to obtain more information about you. They may ask questions about your leisure lifestyle or annual income. This information is used to target you for marketing purposes. It can lead to "spam" or even direct mail and telephone solicitations.
Don't answer any question you feel is not required to process your order. Often, the web site will mark which questions need to be answered with an asterisk (*). Should a company require information you are not comfortable sharing, leave >the site and find a different company for the product you seek.
<b>9. Keep Your Password Private</b>
Most reputable e-commerce web sites require the shopper to log-in before placing or viewing an order. The shopper is usually required to provide a username and a password.
Never reveal your password to anyone. When selecting a password, do not use commonly known information, such as your birthdate, mother's maiden name, or numbers from your driver's license or Social Security number. Do not reuse the same password for other sites. The best password has at least eight characters and includes numbers and letters.
<b>10. Check the Web Site Address</b>
Above the web site at the top of your screen is a rectangular window that contains the web site address (also called the URL, or Uniform Resource Locator). By checking that address, you can make sure that you are dealing with the correct company.
Don’t click on any link embedded within a potentially suspicious email. Instead, start a new Internet session by typing in the link’s URL into the address bar and pressing “Enter” to be sure you are directed to a legitimate Web site.
<b>11. Don't Fall for "Phishing" Messages</b>
Identity thieves send massive numbers of emails to Internet users that ask them to update the account information for their banks, credit cards, online payment service, or popular shopping sites. The email may state that your account information has expired, been compromised or lost and that you need to immediately resend it to the company.
Some emails sent as part of such “phishing” expeditions often contain links to official-looking Web pages. Other times the emails ask the consumer to download and submit an electronic form. The National Research Center of Consumer Reports magazine, found that 8 percent of respondents provided personal information after receiving phony e-mail messages. www.consumerreports.org/cro/money/news/september-2006/dont-bite-at-phishers-e-mail-bait-9-06/overview/0609_dont-bite-at-phishers-email-bait_ov.htm
Remember, legitimate businesses don’t ask for sensitive information via email. Don’t respond to any request for financial information that comes to you in an email. Again, don’t click on any link embedded within a suspicious email, and always call the retailer or financial institution to verify your account status before divulging any information.
For more information on phishing, visit www.antiphishing.org, and www.onguardonline.gov.
<b>12. Always Print Copies of Your Orders</b>
After placing an order online, you should receive a confirmation page that reviews your entire order. It should include the costs of the order, your customer information, product information, and the confirmation number.
We recommend you print out at least one copy of the Web page(s) describing the item you ordered as well as the page showing company name, postal address, phone number, and legal terms, including return policy. Keep it for your own records for at least the period covered by the return/warranty policy.
Often you will also receive a confirmation message that is e-mailed to you by the merchant. Be sure to save and/or print this message as well as any other e-mail correspondence with the company.
<b>13. Shop with Companies Located in the United States</b>
When you shop within the U.S., you are protected by state and federal consumer laws. You might not get the same protection if you place an order with a company located in another country.
<b>14. Pay Attention to Shipping Facts </b>
Under the law, a company must ship your order within the time stated in its ad. If no time frame is stated, the merchant must ship the product in 30 days or give you an "Option Notice." This gives you an opportunity to cancel the order and receive a prompt refund, or agree to the delay.
Here are key shipping questions to ask:
•Does the site tell you if there are geographic or other restrictions for delivery?
•Are there choices for shipping?
•Who pays the shipping cost?
•What does the site say about shipping insurance?
•What are the shipping and handling fees, and are they reasonable?
<b>15. Learn the Merchant's Cancellation, Return and Complaint-Handling Policies </b>
Even under the best of circumstances, shoppers sometimes need to return merchandise. Check the Web site for cancellation and return policies. Be sure to check for the following:
•Who pays for shipping?
•Is there a time limit or other restrictions to the return or cancellation?
•Is there a restocking charge if you need to cancel or return the order?
•Do you get a store credit, or will the company fully refund your charges to your credit card? If the merchant only offers store credits, find out the time restriction for using this credit
•Does the merchant post a phone number and/or e-mail address for complaints?
•How long has the company been in business?
•Will they still be around when you need them?
•Is there an easy, local way for you to get repairs or service?
•Is there a warranty on the product, and who honors that guarantee?
•What are the limits, and under what circumstances can you exercise your warranty rights?
Don't expect less customer service just because a company operates over the Internet. This is especially important if you are buying something that may need to be cleaned or serviced on occasion.
<b>16. Use Shopper's Intuition </b>
Look at the site with a critical eye. And heed the old adage, "If it looks too good to be true, it probably is."
If any of these questions trigger a warning bell in your head, you will be wise to find another online merchant:
•Are there extraordinary claims that you question?
•Do the company's prices seem unusually low?
•Does it look like the merchant is an amateur?
•Are there a lot of spelling or grammar errors?
•Does the company's phone go unanswered.
•The use of a post office box might not send up a red flag, but a merchant who does not also provide the company's physical address might be cause for concern.
<b>17. Be Wary of Identity Theft</b>
As e-commerce becomes more common, there will be more cases of identity theft committed over the Internet. Imposters are likely to obtain their victims' identifying information using low-tech means like dumpster diving, mail theft, or workplace access to SSNs. But they are increasingly using the Web to apply for new credit cards and to purchase goods and services in their victims' names.
The same advice for avoiding low-tech identity theft applies to shopping on the Internet. Many are mentioned in the above tips. Most important: Be aware of who you are buying from. And use true credit cards for purchases, not debit cards.
We recommend that you check your credit card bills carefully for several months after purchasing on the Internet. Look for purchases you did not make. If you find some, immediately contact the credit card company and file a dispute claim.
Order your credit reports at least once a year and check for accounts that have been opened without your permission. (See PRC Fact Sheet 17a , "Identity Theft: What to Do if It Happens to You," www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs17a.htm.)
<b>18. Consider Using Single-use Card Numbers</b>
Consumers using some brands of credit cards can get “virtual credit cards,” or single-use card numbers, that can be used at an online store. Virtual credit cards use a randomly generated substitute account number in place of your actual credit card number. They can also be used to buy goods and services over the phone and through the mail but can’t be used for in-store purchases that require a traditional plastic card.
With this free service, you never need to give out your real credit card number online. Among the card companies offering it are Citibank, Bank of America, and the Discover card. The banks call this software by different names. Citibank calls it Virtual Account Number, Bank of America calls it ShopSafe, and Discover calls it Secure Online Account Number. You can configure the expiration date and the maximum amount allowed for a virtual credit card. card. Once used, the card is tied to the merchant where it was used, and cannot be used elsewhere.
<b>19. Be Cautious with Electronic Signatures</b>
A federal law enables shoppers to verify online purchases with merchants using an electronic signature. Usually, this process is nothing more than clicking on a box that says you accept the terms of the order.
The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, also known as the E-Sign Act, is a complex law. It states that electronic signatures and electronic records used in interstate and foreign commerce will not be denied validity just because they are in electronic form. Further, the law says that online purchases do not need to be accompanied by the more traditional handwritten signature on a paper document.
Consumer advocates opposed the law because it lacks important safeguard against fraud. For example, the law does not require online merchants to comply with such standards as message integrity (security and accuracy in transmission), privacy of customer data, and authentication of sender.
The faults of the E-Sign Act require you to shop cautiously on the Internet. The tips offered in this guide will help you make sure the online companies you choose are secure and honest.
<b>20. Know How Online Auctions Operate</b>
Online auctions connect buyers and sellers, allowing them to communicate in a bidding process over items for sale. Many people are drawn to online auction sites because they allow you to buy items at discounted prices. And they offer a chance to sell some of your unneeded or unwanted possessions to raise extra money. For the most part, online auction sites are a safe way to exchange goods. But it makes sense to be cautious and aware.
The first step in safely using an online auction site is to read the terms of use, which will outline key issues such as whether or not the seller or the site is responsible for any problems that arise. Learn a site's return policy, as it may be difficult to return merchandise bought at auction. It's critical to check the policy, because you may be required to follow the seller's refund policy, rather than that of the auction site.
Once a consumer has agreed to a price with a seller, the buyer and seller arrange for payment and delivery of the product. Successful bidders can usually choose among several payment options, such as credit card, online payment service, debit card, personal check, cashier's check, money order, or escrow service.
If a seller requests payment in cash by private courier, or by check or money order through an overnight delivery service, you have a right to be suspicious. This could signal an attempt to commit fraud by taking your money without delivering the merchandise.
It always makes sense to pay by credit card because you'll have an option to seek a credit from the credit card issuer (also known as a "charge back") if the product isn't delivered or isn't what you ordered. For more information on credit card consumer protections see www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs32-paperplastic.htm#3
To protect both buyers and sellers, some auction sites prohibit the use of wire transfers as a payment method. The Federal Trade Commission recommends that buyers do not pay by wire transfer because if something goes wrong, you are left with no refund and no recourse.
Another popular way to pay at auctions is with online payment services, such as PayPal. In this scenario, the buyer and seller set up accounts that allow them to make or accept payments. Buyers provide payment information, like bank account or credit card numbers, and sellers give information about where payments should be deposited. Some online payment services offer protection if the seller doesn't ship the goods.
Sellers can be scammed too. Fake check scams are the most common problem, although they can be avoided by not accepting checks, especially cashier's or certified checks, as payment, and by waiting to ship the goods until you get your payment in a reliable form.
If a buyer offers you a cashier's (or certified) check for more than the amount of the item, and asks you to wire them the excess amount, don't do it. This it is a classic example of a fake check scam.
If you encounter a problem with a buyer or seller at an online auction site, such as eBay, it's important to report the problem to the site right away. You are probably not the only person being taken advantage of and you could help shut down illegal or unethical sellers by alerting the site to the problem. For more information on online auctions, see www.consumer-action.org/news/articles/internet_commerce_issue_spring_2008/#Topic_07
<b>21. Understand Your Responsibility for Sales and Use Taxes Online</b>
Generally Internet shopping is sales tax free, but there's a catch. If an online merchant has a physical presence in your state, it is required to charge you sales tax. In most states, consumers are required to pay tax on online purchases, even if the store doesn't collect it. Most states call this a "use tax." Efforts are underway to simplify the sales tax issue in many states.
<b>22. Additional Resources</b>
Listed below are Web sites that provide additional information about shopping online.
www.bbb.org and www.bbbonline.org The Better Business Bureau certifies web merchants with a privacy seal of approval. You can research merchants through the BBB and also report e-commerce fraud problems at these sites.
www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ProtectYourself/default.htm Created by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to provide shopping tips for buying online prescriptions and over-the-counter drugs on the web.
www.ftc.gov/bcp/menus/consumer/tech/online.shtm The Federal Trade Commission guides for online shopping and E-payments.
www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/ tech/tec07.shtm The Federal Trade Commission's tips on Internet auctions.
www.ic3.gov The FBI's Internet Fraud Complaint Center allows you to report suspected cases of Internet and e-commerce fraud.
www.lookstoogoodtobetrue.com Federal law enforcement and industry task force helps prevent consumers from becoming victims of an Internet fraud schemes.
www.onguardonline.gov FTC, other federal agencies, and the technology industry offer advice on identity theft, phishing, spyware, spam, online shopping and more.
www.safeshopping.org Online shopping tips provided by the American Bar Association.
Source: www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs23-shopping
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A February 2008 survey by Pew Internet found that 66% of Americans surveyed have purchased a product online because it is convenient and saves time. While the survey reported that over half those surveyed experienced frustration, confusion, or being overwhelmed with information, the greatest concern for online shoppers, 75%, was in sending credit card and personal information over the Internet.
To read the Pew survey, go to: www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2008/Online-Shopping.aspx
Just as shoppers should take measures to protect themselves in brick-and-mortar stores — such as protecting their PIN numbers when checking out and not leaving purses unattended — online shoppers also need to take sensible precautions. This guide offers advice on how to make your online shopping experiences enjoyable and safe.
<b>2. Shop at Secure Web Sites</b>
How can you tell if a Web site is secure? It uses encryption technology to transfer information from your computer to the online merchant's computer. Encryption scrambles the information you send, such as your credit card number, in order to prevent computer hackers from obtaining it en route. The only people who can unscramble the code are those with legitimate access privileges. You can tell when you are dealing with a secure Web site in several ways:
•First, if you look at the top of your screen where the Web site address is displayed, you should see https://. The "s" that is displayed after "http" indicates that Web site is secure. Often, you do not see the "s" until you actually move to the order page on the Web site.
•Another way to determine if a Web site is secure is to look for a closed padlock displayed at the bottom of your screen. If that lock is open, you should assume it is not a secure site.
•The third symbol that indicates you are on a secure site is an unbroken key.
Of course, transmitting your data over secure channels is of little value to you if the merchant stores the data unscrambled. You should try to find out if the merchant stores the data in encrypted form. If a hacker is able to intrude, it cannot obtain your credit data and other personal information. Be sure to read the merchant's privacy and security policies to learn how it safeguards your personal data on its computers. (See tip 4 below.)
<b>3. Research the Web Site Before You Order</b>
Do business with companies you already know. If the company is unfamiliar, do your homework before buying their products. If you decide to buy something from an unknown company, start out with an inexpensive order to learn if the company is trustworthy.
Reliable companies should advertise their physical business address and at least one phone number, either customer service or an order line. Call the phone number and ask questions to determine if the business is legitimate. Even if you call after hours, many companies have a "live" answering service, especially if they don't want to miss orders. Ask how the merchant handles returned merchandise and complaints. Find out if it offers full refunds or only store credits.
You can also research a company in Internet yellow pages, through the Better Business Bureau (see listing below), or a government consumer protection agency like the district attorney's office or the Attorney General. Perhaps friends or family members who live in the city listed can verify the validity of the company. Remember, anyone can create a Web site.
<b>4. Read the Web Site's Privacy and Security Policies</b>
Every reputable e-commerce Web site offers information about how it processes your order. It is usually listed in the section entitled “Privacy Policy.” You can find out if the merchant intends to share your information with a third party or affiliate company. Do they require these companies to refrain from marketing to their customers? If not, you can expect to receive “spam” (unsolicited email) and even mail or phone solicitations from these companies.
You can also learn what type of information is gathered by the Web site, and how it is — or is not — shared with others. The online merchant’s data security practices are also often explained in the Privacy Policy, or perhaps a separate Security Policy.
Look for online merchants who are members of a seal-of-approval program that sets voluntary guidelines for privacy-related practices, such as TRUSTe (www.truste.org), Verisign (www.verisign.com), or BBBonline (www.bbbonline.org).
However, be aware that a strong privacy policy and membership in a Web-seal program don’t guarantee that the Web merchant will protect your privacy for all time. Policies can change. The company can file for bankruptcy and sell its customer data base. The Web merchant might be purchased by another company with a weaker privacy policy. And the company’s data can be subpoenaed for law enforcement investigations or civil cases. You have little control over the use of your customer data in such matters.
Given all of these uncertainties, you will want to think about the sensitivity of the data that is being compiled about you when you shop online. We cannot prescribe the best approach to take. Each consumer has a different interpretation of what is considered “sensitive.”
<b>5. Be Aware of Cookies and Behavioral Marketing</b>
Online merchants as well as other sites watch our shopping and surfing habits by using "cookies," an online tracking system that attaches pieces of code to our Internet browsers to track which sites we visit as we search the Web.
"Persistent" cookies remain stored on your computer while "per-session" cookies expire when you turn the browser off. Online merchants use cookies to recognize you and speed up the shopping process the next time you visit. You may be able to set your browser to disable or refuse cookies but the tradeoff may limit the functions you can perform online, and possibly prevent you from ordering online.
Privacy advocates worry that as more and more data is compiled about us — without our knowledge or active consent — it will be combined to reveal a detailed profile, even our actual identities. This data is often collected to market goods and services to us, encouraging us to buy them. There are a number of companies that specialize in targeted online advertising called "behavioral marketing." Companies say consumers benefit by being exposed to more targeted advertising and that online merchants can make more money more efficiently by targeting the right shoppers.
For example, you might buy a book on golf from Amazon, visit the Professional Golfer's Association site, purchase golf shoes at Zappos, and search online for golf courses near your home. When you do, your computer's Internet Protocol (IP) number could be used to generate golf-related ads. When you open the USA Today site to read the morning news, you may see an ad offering you a new set of clubs at a discount. When you go back to Amazon later that day you might be offered a biography of Tiger Woods.
What if your behavioral marketing profile is shared with others, without your permission? You might not care if a drug company shares your prescription drug information with a coupon service to save you money. But what if that same information were obtained by your employer, resulting in more expensive health insurance coverage?
Consumer groups have asked the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to require companies to get consumers' permission (opt-in) before collecting or sharing any personal information about them, such as their computer's IP number. Many of these groups also recommend creating a "Do Not Track" list for those who do not wish to be followed online, patterned after the widely used Do Not Call list. www.worldprivacyforum.org/pdf/ConsumerProtections_FTC_ConsensusDoc_Final_s.pdf
<b>6. What's Safest: Credit Cards, Debit Cards, Cash, or Checks?</b>
The safest way to shop on the Internet is with a credit card. In the event something goes wrong, you are protected under the federal Fair Credit Billing Act. You have the right to dispute charges on your credit card, and you can withhold payments during a creditor investigation. When it has been determined that your credit was used without authorization, you are only responsible for the first $50 in charges. You are rarely asked to pay this charge.
We recommend that you obtain one credit card that you use only for online payments to make it easier to detect wrongful credit charges. For more information on credit card consumer protections, see http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs32-paperplastic.htm#3
Make sure your credit card is a true credit card and not a debit card, a check card, or an ATM card. As with checks, a debit card exposes your bank account to thieves. Your checking account could be wiped out in minutes. Further, debit and ATM cards are not protected by federal law to the extent that credit cards are.
E-commerce shopping by check leaves you vulnerable to bank fraud. And sending a cashier's check or money order doesn't give you any protection if you have problems with the purchase.
Never pay for online purchases by using a money transfer service. You could be transferring cash to a fraudster. Scammers will ask consumers to send them payment using a money transfer service such as Western Union or MoneyGram because they can get your cash fast and it’s difficult to trace. Legitimate sellers normally do not ask consumers to send payment that way. Money transfer services should only be used to send money to people that you know well, not to unknown sellers of merchandise online. Watch the Consumer Federation of America’s video about this at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2ylW85g1So.
<b>7. Never Give Out Your Social Security Number</b>
Providing your Social Security number is not a requirement for placing an order at an e-commerce Web site. There is no need for the merchant to ask for it. Giving out your Social Security number could lead to having your identity stolen. (See PRC Fact Sheet 17a, "Identity Theft: What to Do if It Happens to You," www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs17a.htm.)
<b>8. Disclose Only the Bare Facts When You Order</b>
When placing an order, there is certain information that you must provide to the web merchant such as your name and address. Often, a merchant will try to obtain more information about you. They may ask questions about your leisure lifestyle or annual income. This information is used to target you for marketing purposes. It can lead to "spam" or even direct mail and telephone solicitations.
Don't answer any question you feel is not required to process your order. Often, the web site will mark which questions need to be answered with an asterisk (*). Should a company require information you are not comfortable sharing, leave >the site and find a different company for the product you seek.
<b>9. Keep Your Password Private</b>
Most reputable e-commerce web sites require the shopper to log-in before placing or viewing an order. The shopper is usually required to provide a username and a password.
Never reveal your password to anyone. When selecting a password, do not use commonly known information, such as your birthdate, mother's maiden name, or numbers from your driver's license or Social Security number. Do not reuse the same password for other sites. The best password has at least eight characters and includes numbers and letters.
<b>10. Check the Web Site Address</b>
Above the web site at the top of your screen is a rectangular window that contains the web site address (also called the URL, or Uniform Resource Locator). By checking that address, you can make sure that you are dealing with the correct company.
Don’t click on any link embedded within a potentially suspicious email. Instead, start a new Internet session by typing in the link’s URL into the address bar and pressing “Enter” to be sure you are directed to a legitimate Web site.
<b>11. Don't Fall for "Phishing" Messages</b>
Identity thieves send massive numbers of emails to Internet users that ask them to update the account information for their banks, credit cards, online payment service, or popular shopping sites. The email may state that your account information has expired, been compromised or lost and that you need to immediately resend it to the company.
Some emails sent as part of such “phishing” expeditions often contain links to official-looking Web pages. Other times the emails ask the consumer to download and submit an electronic form. The National Research Center of Consumer Reports magazine, found that 8 percent of respondents provided personal information after receiving phony e-mail messages. www.consumerreports.org/cro/money/news/september-2006/dont-bite-at-phishers-e-mail-bait-9-06/overview/0609_dont-bite-at-phishers-email-bait_ov.htm
Remember, legitimate businesses don’t ask for sensitive information via email. Don’t respond to any request for financial information that comes to you in an email. Again, don’t click on any link embedded within a suspicious email, and always call the retailer or financial institution to verify your account status before divulging any information.
For more information on phishing, visit www.antiphishing.org, and www.onguardonline.gov.
<b>12. Always Print Copies of Your Orders</b>
After placing an order online, you should receive a confirmation page that reviews your entire order. It should include the costs of the order, your customer information, product information, and the confirmation number.
We recommend you print out at least one copy of the Web page(s) describing the item you ordered as well as the page showing company name, postal address, phone number, and legal terms, including return policy. Keep it for your own records for at least the period covered by the return/warranty policy.
Often you will also receive a confirmation message that is e-mailed to you by the merchant. Be sure to save and/or print this message as well as any other e-mail correspondence with the company.
<b>13. Shop with Companies Located in the United States</b>
When you shop within the U.S., you are protected by state and federal consumer laws. You might not get the same protection if you place an order with a company located in another country.
<b>14. Pay Attention to Shipping Facts </b>
Under the law, a company must ship your order within the time stated in its ad. If no time frame is stated, the merchant must ship the product in 30 days or give you an "Option Notice." This gives you an opportunity to cancel the order and receive a prompt refund, or agree to the delay.
Here are key shipping questions to ask:
•Does the site tell you if there are geographic or other restrictions for delivery?
•Are there choices for shipping?
•Who pays the shipping cost?
•What does the site say about shipping insurance?
•What are the shipping and handling fees, and are they reasonable?
<b>15. Learn the Merchant's Cancellation, Return and Complaint-Handling Policies </b>
Even under the best of circumstances, shoppers sometimes need to return merchandise. Check the Web site for cancellation and return policies. Be sure to check for the following:
•Who pays for shipping?
•Is there a time limit or other restrictions to the return or cancellation?
•Is there a restocking charge if you need to cancel or return the order?
•Do you get a store credit, or will the company fully refund your charges to your credit card? If the merchant only offers store credits, find out the time restriction for using this credit
•Does the merchant post a phone number and/or e-mail address for complaints?
•How long has the company been in business?
•Will they still be around when you need them?
•Is there an easy, local way for you to get repairs or service?
•Is there a warranty on the product, and who honors that guarantee?
•What are the limits, and under what circumstances can you exercise your warranty rights?
Don't expect less customer service just because a company operates over the Internet. This is especially important if you are buying something that may need to be cleaned or serviced on occasion.
<b>16. Use Shopper's Intuition </b>
Look at the site with a critical eye. And heed the old adage, "If it looks too good to be true, it probably is."
If any of these questions trigger a warning bell in your head, you will be wise to find another online merchant:
•Are there extraordinary claims that you question?
•Do the company's prices seem unusually low?
•Does it look like the merchant is an amateur?
•Are there a lot of spelling or grammar errors?
•Does the company's phone go unanswered.
•The use of a post office box might not send up a red flag, but a merchant who does not also provide the company's physical address might be cause for concern.
<b>17. Be Wary of Identity Theft</b>
As e-commerce becomes more common, there will be more cases of identity theft committed over the Internet. Imposters are likely to obtain their victims' identifying information using low-tech means like dumpster diving, mail theft, or workplace access to SSNs. But they are increasingly using the Web to apply for new credit cards and to purchase goods and services in their victims' names.
The same advice for avoiding low-tech identity theft applies to shopping on the Internet. Many are mentioned in the above tips. Most important: Be aware of who you are buying from. And use true credit cards for purchases, not debit cards.
We recommend that you check your credit card bills carefully for several months after purchasing on the Internet. Look for purchases you did not make. If you find some, immediately contact the credit card company and file a dispute claim.
Order your credit reports at least once a year and check for accounts that have been opened without your permission. (See PRC Fact Sheet 17a , "Identity Theft: What to Do if It Happens to You," www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs17a.htm.)
<b>18. Consider Using Single-use Card Numbers</b>
Consumers using some brands of credit cards can get “virtual credit cards,” or single-use card numbers, that can be used at an online store. Virtual credit cards use a randomly generated substitute account number in place of your actual credit card number. They can also be used to buy goods and services over the phone and through the mail but can’t be used for in-store purchases that require a traditional plastic card.
With this free service, you never need to give out your real credit card number online. Among the card companies offering it are Citibank, Bank of America, and the Discover card. The banks call this software by different names. Citibank calls it Virtual Account Number, Bank of America calls it ShopSafe, and Discover calls it Secure Online Account Number. You can configure the expiration date and the maximum amount allowed for a virtual credit card. card. Once used, the card is tied to the merchant where it was used, and cannot be used elsewhere.
<b>19. Be Cautious with Electronic Signatures</b>
A federal law enables shoppers to verify online purchases with merchants using an electronic signature. Usually, this process is nothing more than clicking on a box that says you accept the terms of the order.
The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, also known as the E-Sign Act, is a complex law. It states that electronic signatures and electronic records used in interstate and foreign commerce will not be denied validity just because they are in electronic form. Further, the law says that online purchases do not need to be accompanied by the more traditional handwritten signature on a paper document.
Consumer advocates opposed the law because it lacks important safeguard against fraud. For example, the law does not require online merchants to comply with such standards as message integrity (security and accuracy in transmission), privacy of customer data, and authentication of sender.
The faults of the E-Sign Act require you to shop cautiously on the Internet. The tips offered in this guide will help you make sure the online companies you choose are secure and honest.
<b>20. Know How Online Auctions Operate</b>
Online auctions connect buyers and sellers, allowing them to communicate in a bidding process over items for sale. Many people are drawn to online auction sites because they allow you to buy items at discounted prices. And they offer a chance to sell some of your unneeded or unwanted possessions to raise extra money. For the most part, online auction sites are a safe way to exchange goods. But it makes sense to be cautious and aware.
The first step in safely using an online auction site is to read the terms of use, which will outline key issues such as whether or not the seller or the site is responsible for any problems that arise. Learn a site's return policy, as it may be difficult to return merchandise bought at auction. It's critical to check the policy, because you may be required to follow the seller's refund policy, rather than that of the auction site.
Once a consumer has agreed to a price with a seller, the buyer and seller arrange for payment and delivery of the product. Successful bidders can usually choose among several payment options, such as credit card, online payment service, debit card, personal check, cashier's check, money order, or escrow service.
If a seller requests payment in cash by private courier, or by check or money order through an overnight delivery service, you have a right to be suspicious. This could signal an attempt to commit fraud by taking your money without delivering the merchandise.
It always makes sense to pay by credit card because you'll have an option to seek a credit from the credit card issuer (also known as a "charge back") if the product isn't delivered or isn't what you ordered. For more information on credit card consumer protections see www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs32-paperplastic.htm#3
To protect both buyers and sellers, some auction sites prohibit the use of wire transfers as a payment method. The Federal Trade Commission recommends that buyers do not pay by wire transfer because if something goes wrong, you are left with no refund and no recourse.
Another popular way to pay at auctions is with online payment services, such as PayPal. In this scenario, the buyer and seller set up accounts that allow them to make or accept payments. Buyers provide payment information, like bank account or credit card numbers, and sellers give information about where payments should be deposited. Some online payment services offer protection if the seller doesn't ship the goods.
Sellers can be scammed too. Fake check scams are the most common problem, although they can be avoided by not accepting checks, especially cashier's or certified checks, as payment, and by waiting to ship the goods until you get your payment in a reliable form.
If a buyer offers you a cashier's (or certified) check for more than the amount of the item, and asks you to wire them the excess amount, don't do it. This it is a classic example of a fake check scam.
If you encounter a problem with a buyer or seller at an online auction site, such as eBay, it's important to report the problem to the site right away. You are probably not the only person being taken advantage of and you could help shut down illegal or unethical sellers by alerting the site to the problem. For more information on online auctions, see www.consumer-action.org/news/articles/internet_commerce_issue_spring_2008/#Topic_07
<b>21. Understand Your Responsibility for Sales and Use Taxes Online</b>
Generally Internet shopping is sales tax free, but there's a catch. If an online merchant has a physical presence in your state, it is required to charge you sales tax. In most states, consumers are required to pay tax on online purchases, even if the store doesn't collect it. Most states call this a "use tax." Efforts are underway to simplify the sales tax issue in many states.
<b>22. Additional Resources</b>
Listed below are Web sites that provide additional information about shopping online.
www.bbb.org and www.bbbonline.org The Better Business Bureau certifies web merchants with a privacy seal of approval. You can research merchants through the BBB and also report e-commerce fraud problems at these sites.
www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ProtectYourself/default.htm Created by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to provide shopping tips for buying online prescriptions and over-the-counter drugs on the web.
www.ftc.gov/bcp/menus/consumer/tech/online.shtm The Federal Trade Commission guides for online shopping and E-payments.
www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/ tech/tec07.shtm The Federal Trade Commission's tips on Internet auctions.
www.ic3.gov The FBI's Internet Fraud Complaint Center allows you to report suspected cases of Internet and e-commerce fraud.
www.lookstoogoodtobetrue.com Federal law enforcement and industry task force helps prevent consumers from becoming victims of an Internet fraud schemes.
www.onguardonline.gov FTC, other federal agencies, and the technology industry offer advice on identity theft, phishing, spyware, spam, online shopping and more.
www.safeshopping.org Online shopping tips provided by the American Bar Association.
Source: www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs23-shopping
<b>SimplyEyeglasses.com Shopping Categories</b>:
<a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Eyeglasses" title="Ray-Ban Eyeglasses">Ray-Ban Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Sunglasses" title="Ray-Ban Sunglasses">Ray-Ban Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Eyeglasses" title="Prada Eyeglasses">Prada Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Sunglasses" title="Prada Sunglasses">Prada Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Eyeglasses" title="Gucci Eyeglasses">Gucci Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Sunglasses" title="Gucci Sunglasses">Gucci Sunglasses</a> | <a href=http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Silhouette Rimless&title=Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses" title="Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses">Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses</a>.
Monday, January 3, 2011
Vision Insurance
It's no surprise that vision insurance is confusing to most people. Because vision insurance is supplemental to regular health insurance, it's difficult to understand which benefits are included and which ones must be purchased. Is there a difference between medical and vision insurance?
<b>Routine vs. Medical Eye Exams</b>
To understand the difference, one must analyze the different types of eye exams. Even though office visits to an eye care professional are usually categorized as either "routine" or "medical," this terminology has nothing to do with the steps it takes to perform a comprehensive eye exam nor the type of doctor who performs the exam. A comprehensive "routine" vision exam often contains the same elements as a comprehensive "medical" eye exam, and seeing an ophthalmologist doesn't make the exam medical in nature.
The type of eye exam you have is determined by the reason for your visit or your chief complaint, as well as your diagnosis. Routine vision exams usually produce final diagnoses such as nearsightedness or astigmatism, while medical eye exams produce diagnoses such as "conjunctivitis." Most insurance companies focus on the reason for your visit.
<b>Understanding Your Coverage</b>
Insurance companies sometimes handle routine eye exams differently than medical eye exams. Your medical insurance may cover a medical eye problem, but not pay for the exam if it is a "routine" eye exam. Many vision plans provide coverage for glasses and contact lenses, or at least give you some type of discount on the doctor’s fees. Your medical insurance will pay for examinations if you have eye health problems.
Many people with medical insurance have a separate rider policy to cover routine eye exams. To complicate matters more, some medical insurance will cover one routine eye exam every two years in addition to covering an eye exam that is for a medical eye problem. Study your policy closely, as plan coverage varies among insurance companies.
What happens if you have concerns about your eye health but you also need new glasses? Can you have your vision checked even though you have a medical eye problem? The answer, of course, is yes. However, your eye doctor may charge you a refraction fee. Insurance companies usually separate the components of an eye exam, one being the comprehensive exam and the other being the refraction. Typically, vision insurance policies usually cover both the eye exam and the refraction, while medical policies cover the exam only.
<b>A Real-Life Example</b>
Let's say your employer provides both types of insurance -- medical insurance as well as a separate vision plan, such as Vision Service Plan (VSP). You decide that it's time for your annual eye exam because your glasses are falling apart. So you see your eye care professional for a routine eye exam and to purchase new glasses. Your doctor’s office authorizes your benefits so you proceed with the examination. At the end of the exam, your doctor informs you that in addition to a minor prescription change, he found signs of glaucoma. You are instructed to return in one week for additional tests.
Remember that your original reason for the visit had been to have an eye exam and to purchase new glasses. Even though your doctor found signs of glaucoma at the end of the examination, this visit would be covered under your "vision plan" because the main reason for the visit was to get your vision checked for new glasses. But, because at the end of that exam you are considered a potential glaucoma patient, your medical insurance will cover the additional tests and office visits related to the medical diagnosis of "glaucoma suspect."
When time comes for your examination next year, it is possible that you could use your medical insurance to cover your examination, because this year it was determined that you could be at risk for developing glaucoma. This serves as a medical diagnosis with your reason for the visit being "glaucoma suspect."
<b>What You Should Know</b>
Although most eye care practices are very knowledgeable about insurance plans, remember that it is not your doctor's responsibility to know the details of your individual plan. It is to your benefit to be aware of possible deductibles and co-pays that are part of your plan. Your insurance plan may cover routine vision care, but you might end up paying for it anyway if your deductible has not yet been met.
By: Troy Bedinghaus, O.D., About.com Guide
<b>SimplyEyeglasses.com Shopping Categories</b>:
<a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Eyeglasses" title="Ray-Ban Eyeglasses">Ray-Ban Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Sunglasses" title="Ray-Ban Sunglasses">Ray-Ban Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Eyeglasses" title="Prada Eyeglasses">Prada Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Sunglasses" title="Prada Sunglasses">Prada Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Eyeglasses" title="Gucci Eyeglasses">Gucci Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Sunglasses" title="Gucci Sunglasses">Gucci Sunglasses</a> | <a href=http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Silhouette Rimless&title=Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses" title="Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses">Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses</a>.
<b>Routine vs. Medical Eye Exams</b>
To understand the difference, one must analyze the different types of eye exams. Even though office visits to an eye care professional are usually categorized as either "routine" or "medical," this terminology has nothing to do with the steps it takes to perform a comprehensive eye exam nor the type of doctor who performs the exam. A comprehensive "routine" vision exam often contains the same elements as a comprehensive "medical" eye exam, and seeing an ophthalmologist doesn't make the exam medical in nature.
The type of eye exam you have is determined by the reason for your visit or your chief complaint, as well as your diagnosis. Routine vision exams usually produce final diagnoses such as nearsightedness or astigmatism, while medical eye exams produce diagnoses such as "conjunctivitis." Most insurance companies focus on the reason for your visit.
<b>Understanding Your Coverage</b>
Insurance companies sometimes handle routine eye exams differently than medical eye exams. Your medical insurance may cover a medical eye problem, but not pay for the exam if it is a "routine" eye exam. Many vision plans provide coverage for glasses and contact lenses, or at least give you some type of discount on the doctor’s fees. Your medical insurance will pay for examinations if you have eye health problems.
Many people with medical insurance have a separate rider policy to cover routine eye exams. To complicate matters more, some medical insurance will cover one routine eye exam every two years in addition to covering an eye exam that is for a medical eye problem. Study your policy closely, as plan coverage varies among insurance companies.
What happens if you have concerns about your eye health but you also need new glasses? Can you have your vision checked even though you have a medical eye problem? The answer, of course, is yes. However, your eye doctor may charge you a refraction fee. Insurance companies usually separate the components of an eye exam, one being the comprehensive exam and the other being the refraction. Typically, vision insurance policies usually cover both the eye exam and the refraction, while medical policies cover the exam only.
<b>A Real-Life Example</b>
Let's say your employer provides both types of insurance -- medical insurance as well as a separate vision plan, such as Vision Service Plan (VSP). You decide that it's time for your annual eye exam because your glasses are falling apart. So you see your eye care professional for a routine eye exam and to purchase new glasses. Your doctor’s office authorizes your benefits so you proceed with the examination. At the end of the exam, your doctor informs you that in addition to a minor prescription change, he found signs of glaucoma. You are instructed to return in one week for additional tests.
Remember that your original reason for the visit had been to have an eye exam and to purchase new glasses. Even though your doctor found signs of glaucoma at the end of the examination, this visit would be covered under your "vision plan" because the main reason for the visit was to get your vision checked for new glasses. But, because at the end of that exam you are considered a potential glaucoma patient, your medical insurance will cover the additional tests and office visits related to the medical diagnosis of "glaucoma suspect."
When time comes for your examination next year, it is possible that you could use your medical insurance to cover your examination, because this year it was determined that you could be at risk for developing glaucoma. This serves as a medical diagnosis with your reason for the visit being "glaucoma suspect."
<b>What You Should Know</b>
Although most eye care practices are very knowledgeable about insurance plans, remember that it is not your doctor's responsibility to know the details of your individual plan. It is to your benefit to be aware of possible deductibles and co-pays that are part of your plan. Your insurance plan may cover routine vision care, but you might end up paying for it anyway if your deductible has not yet been met.
By: Troy Bedinghaus, O.D., About.com Guide
<b>SimplyEyeglasses.com Shopping Categories</b>:
<a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Eyeglasses" title="Ray-Ban Eyeglasses">Ray-Ban Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Sunglasses" title="Ray-Ban Sunglasses">Ray-Ban Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Eyeglasses" title="Prada Eyeglasses">Prada Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Sunglasses" title="Prada Sunglasses">Prada Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Eyeglasses" title="Gucci Eyeglasses">Gucci Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Sunglasses" title="Gucci Sunglasses">Gucci Sunglasses</a> | <a href=http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Silhouette Rimless&title=Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses" title="Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses">Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses</a>.
Tuesday, December 14, 2010
Sunglasses: Does Color Matter?
You can't judge a pair of sunglasses by its color, at least not for eye protection purposes. Tints and shades of sunglasses do not reflect UV (ultraviolet) blocking ability. When sunglasses are made, the lenses are treated with UV-absorbing chemicals to be able to block UV light. Because these chemicals are usually colorless, clear lenses could block light just as well as dark-colored lenses. So why so many lens colors?
Tints filter light in different ways, and some tints do a better job at blocking light than others. Some tints actually enhance colors, while others distort them. <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Lens Tints">Lens Tints</a> have the ability to enhance vision in certain situations. Although you may admire a certain tint color, it may not be the best one for your particular lifestyle. Following is a handy tint guide for choosing <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a>.
•<b>Gray</b>: Gray is a popular <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Neutual Tint">neutral tint</a> that allows the eyes to perceive colors in their purest form. Gray tints reduce brightness and glare. Choose gray for driving and outdoor sports such as golf, running or cycling.
•<b>Yellow/Orange</b>: <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Yellow and orange tints">Yellow and orange tints</a> increase contrast in hazy, foggy or low-light conditions. These tints tend to make objects appear sharper both indoors and outdoors, but can also cause color distortion. Choose yellow shades for snow activities and indoor ball sports.
•<b>Green</b>: <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Green tints">Green tints</a> filter some blue light and reduce glare, while offering high contrast and visual sharpness. Shades of green also tend to reduce eyestrain in bright light. Choose green for precision sports such as tennis, baseball and golf.
•<b>Amber/Brown</b>: <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Amber and brown tints">Amber and brown tints</a> reduce glare and block blue light, giving them the ability to brighten vision on cloudy days. By blocking blue light, these tints increase contrast and visual acuity, especially against green and blue backgrounds such as grass and sky. Choose amber and brown tints for fishing, baseball, golf, hunting, cycling, and water sports.
•<b>Rose/Red</b>: <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Rosy tints">Rosy tints</a> increase contrast by blocking blue light. These tints have a reputation of being soothing to the eyes and more comfortable than others for longer wear-times. They also help with visibility while driving, and seem to be a favorite among computer users as they reduce glare and eyestrain.
By Troy Bedinghaus, O.D., About.com Guide
<b>SimplyEyeglasses.com Shopping Categories</b>:
<a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Eyeglasses" title="Ray-Ban Eyeglasses">Ray-Ban Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Sunglasses" title="Ray-Ban Sunglasses">Ray-Ban Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Eyeglasses" title="Prada Eyeglasses">Prada Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Sunglasses" title="Prada Sunglasses">Prada Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Eyeglasses" title="Gucci Eyeglasses">Gucci Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Sunglasses" title="Gucci Sunglasses">Gucci Sunglasses</a> | <a href=http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Silhouette Rimless&title=Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses" title="Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses">Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses</a>.
Tints filter light in different ways, and some tints do a better job at blocking light than others. Some tints actually enhance colors, while others distort them. <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Lens Tints">Lens Tints</a> have the ability to enhance vision in certain situations. Although you may admire a certain tint color, it may not be the best one for your particular lifestyle. Following is a handy tint guide for choosing <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a>.
•<b>Gray</b>: Gray is a popular <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Neutual Tint">neutral tint</a> that allows the eyes to perceive colors in their purest form. Gray tints reduce brightness and glare. Choose gray for driving and outdoor sports such as golf, running or cycling.
•<b>Yellow/Orange</b>: <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Yellow and orange tints">Yellow and orange tints</a> increase contrast in hazy, foggy or low-light conditions. These tints tend to make objects appear sharper both indoors and outdoors, but can also cause color distortion. Choose yellow shades for snow activities and indoor ball sports.
•<b>Green</b>: <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Green tints">Green tints</a> filter some blue light and reduce glare, while offering high contrast and visual sharpness. Shades of green also tend to reduce eyestrain in bright light. Choose green for precision sports such as tennis, baseball and golf.
•<b>Amber/Brown</b>: <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Amber and brown tints">Amber and brown tints</a> reduce glare and block blue light, giving them the ability to brighten vision on cloudy days. By blocking blue light, these tints increase contrast and visual acuity, especially against green and blue backgrounds such as grass and sky. Choose amber and brown tints for fishing, baseball, golf, hunting, cycling, and water sports.
•<b>Rose/Red</b>: <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/information/lens_tint.php" title="Rosy tints">Rosy tints</a> increase contrast by blocking blue light. These tints have a reputation of being soothing to the eyes and more comfortable than others for longer wear-times. They also help with visibility while driving, and seem to be a favorite among computer users as they reduce glare and eyestrain.
By Troy Bedinghaus, O.D., About.com Guide
<b>SimplyEyeglasses.com Shopping Categories</b>:
<a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Eyeglasses" title="Ray-Ban Eyeglasses">Ray-Ban Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Sunglasses" title="Ray-Ban Sunglasses">Ray-Ban Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Eyeglasses" title="Prada Eyeglasses">Prada Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Sunglasses" title="Prada Sunglasses">Prada Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Eyeglasses" title="Gucci Eyeglasses">Gucci Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Sunglasses" title="Gucci Sunglasses">Gucci Sunglasses</a> | <a href=http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Silhouette Rimless&title=Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses" title="Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses">Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses</a>.
Monday, December 13, 2010
UV Eye Safety
We protect our skin with sunscreen, but what about our eyes? Most of us are aware of the dangerous effects ultraviolet (UV) rays have on our skin, but few of us realize the danger imposed on our eyes. UV radiation, whether from natural sunlight or artificial UV rays, can damage the eye's surface tissues as well as the cornea and lens. UV radiation can burn the front surface of the eye, much like a sunburn on the skin.
<b>UV Radiation</b>
UV radiation consists of invisible rays from the sun. There are three types of UV radiation: UVA, UVB and UVC. UVC rays do not pose any threat, as they are absorbed by the ozone layer. However, exposure to UVA and UVB rays can have adverse effects on your eyes and vision. Short- and long-term exposure to these dangerous rays can cause significant damage damage. It is important to note that UV radiation can also be given off by artificial sources like welding machines, tanning beds and lasers.
<b>Short-Term Effects of UV Radiation</b>
If you are exposed, unprotected, to excessive amounts of UV radiation over a short period of time, you are likely to experience an effect called photokeratitis. Photokeratitis is an inflammation of the cornea caused by a brief exposure to UV radiation, usually when combined with cold wind and snow. Like a "sunburn of the eye", it may be painful and may create symptoms including red eyes, a foreign body sensation or gritty feeling in the eyes, extreme sensitivity to light and excessive tearing. Fortunately, this is usually temporary and rarely causes permanent damage to the eyes.
<b>Long-Term Effects of UV Radiation</b>
Long-term exposure to UV radiation can be more serious. Scientific studies and research growing out of the U.S. space program have shown that exposure to small amounts of UV radiation over a period of many years may increase the chance of developing a cataract, and may cause damage to the retina, the nerve-rich lining of the eye that is used for seeing. This damage to the retina is usually not reversible. Cumulative damage of repeated exposure may contribute to chronic eye disease, as well as increase the risk of developing skin cancer around the eyelids. Long-term exposure to UV light is also a risk factor in the development of pterygium (a growth that invades the corner of the eyes) and pinguecula (a yellowish, slightly raised lesion that forms on the surface tissue of the white part of your eye.)
<b>UV Radiation Protection</b>
It is not yet known how much exposure to UV radiation will cause how much damage, but a good recommendation is to wear quality sunglasses that offer good protection and a wide-brimmed hat when working outdoors, participating in outdoor sports, taking a walk, running errands or doing anything in the sun.
<b>To provide protection for your eyes, your sunglasses should</b>:
•block out 99 to 100 percent of both UV-A and UV-B radiation
•screen out 75 to 90 percent of visible light
•be perfectly matched in color and free of distortion and imperfection
•have lenses that are gray for proper color recognition
If you spend a lot of time in bright sunlight, wrap-around frames can provide additional protection from harmful UV radiation by keeping UV rays from reaching the eyes. Also, remember UV eye protection for children and teenagers. They typically spend more time in the sun than adults. Finally, even if you are wearing contact lenses that have UV protection, you still need to wear sunglasses. UV rays will likely affect the eye tissue that is not covered by the contacts. Your eyes will be more comfortable, too, with most of the bright light blocked.
By Troy Bedinghaus, O.D., About.com Guide
Source: American Optometric Association. U/V Protection. 14 Jun 2007.
<b>SimplyEyeglasses.com Shopping Categories</b>:
<a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Eyeglasses" title="Ray-Ban Eyeglasses">Ray-Ban Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Ray-Ban&title=Ray-Ban Sunglasses" title="Ray-Ban Sunglasses">Ray-Ban Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Eyeglasses" title="Prada Eyeglasses">Prada Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Prada&title=Prada Sunglasses" title="Prada Sunglasses">Prada Sunglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Eyeglasses" title="Gucci Eyeglasses">Gucci Eyeglasses</a> | <a href="http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Sunglasses&manf=Gucci&title=Gucci Sunglasses" title="Gucci Sunglasses">Gucci Sunglasses</a> | <a href=http://www.simplyeyeglasses.com/eyeglasses-sunglasses/frames.php?product=Eyeglasses&manf=Silhouette Rimless&title=Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses" title="Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses">Silhouette Rimless Eyeglasses</a>.
<b>UV Radiation</b>
UV radiation consists of invisible rays from the sun. There are three types of UV radiation: UVA, UVB and UVC. UVC rays do not pose any threat, as they are absorbed by the ozone layer. However, exposure to UVA and UVB rays can have adverse effects on your eyes and vision. Short- and long-term exposure to these dangerous rays can cause significant damage damage. It is important to note that UV radiation can also be given off by artificial sources like welding machines, tanning beds and lasers.
<b>Short-Term Effects of UV Radiation</b>
If you are exposed, unprotected, to excessive amounts of UV radiation over a short period of time, you are likely to experience an effect called photokeratitis. Photokeratitis is an inflammation of the cornea caused by a brief exposure to UV radiation, usually when combined with cold wind and snow. Like a "sunburn of the eye", it may be painful and may create symptoms including red eyes, a foreign body sensation or gritty feeling in the eyes, extreme sensitivity to light and excessive tearing. Fortunately, this is usually temporary and rarely causes permanent damage to the eyes.
<b>Long-Term Effects of UV Radiation</b>
Long-term exposure to UV radiation can be more serious. Scientific studies and research growing out of the U.S. space program have shown that exposure to small amounts of UV radiation over a period of many years may increase the chance of developing a cataract, and may cause damage to the retina, the nerve-rich lining of the eye that is used for seeing. This damage to the retina is usually not reversible. Cumulative damage of repeated exposure may contribute to chronic eye disease, as well as increase the risk of developing skin cancer around the eyelids. Long-term exposure to UV light is also a risk factor in the development of pterygium (a growth that invades the corner of the eyes) and pinguecula (a yellowish, slightly raised lesion that forms on the surface tissue of the white part of your eye.)
<b>UV Radiation Protection</b>
It is not yet known how much exposure to UV radiation will cause how much damage, but a good recommendation is to wear quality sunglasses that offer good protection and a wide-brimmed hat when working outdoors, participating in outdoor sports, taking a walk, running errands or doing anything in the sun.
<b>To provide protection for your eyes, your sunglasses should</b>:
•block out 99 to 100 percent of both UV-A and UV-B radiation
•screen out 75 to 90 percent of visible light
•be perfectly matched in color and free of distortion and imperfection
•have lenses that are gray for proper color recognition
If you spend a lot of time in bright sunlight, wrap-around frames can provide additional protection from harmful UV radiation by keeping UV rays from reaching the eyes. Also, remember UV eye protection for children and teenagers. They typically spend more time in the sun than adults. Finally, even if you are wearing contact lenses that have UV protection, you still need to wear sunglasses. UV rays will likely affect the eye tissue that is not covered by the contacts. Your eyes will be more comfortable, too, with most of the bright light blocked.
By Troy Bedinghaus, O.D., About.com Guide
Source: American Optometric Association. U/V Protection. 14 Jun 2007.
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